Kewell has battled back from serious injury to force his way into contention for Liverpool and he had been keen to aid The Socceroos' World Cup quest.
However, coach Pim Verbeek has opted against calling up the talented but injury prone winger.
Bristol City midfielder Nick Carle and Nurnberg defender Michael Beauchamp also missed out on Pim Verbeek's squad.
"The three players are disappointed that I have not selected them, but I appreciate that they were available to come if I wanted them to,'' Verbeek said.
Cahill had been nursing a hamstring injury, but played the full 90 minutes of Everton's 0-0 draw with Blackburn on Saturday.